Or even because such a whirling motion was from the first inherent in these stars so that they move in a sort of spiral. And that being so, rain may be produced from them sometimes by their compression, sometimes by their transformation; or again may be caused by exhalations of moisture rising from suitable places through the air, while a more violent inundation is due to certain accumulations suitable for such discharge. But in itself and actually it maybe a little larger or a little smaller, or precisely as great as it is seen to be. The damages and the advantages following the realization of any desire must be measured in a calculus in which even pain must be faced with courage if the consequent pleasure will be of longer duration. The size of the sun and the remaining stars relatively to us is just as great as it appears. So it’s treating it as philosophy. Diogenes offers these summaries as a way of presenting Epicurean philosophy to his readers. Friendship on the other hand, improves our chances of living in peace and affords us the necessary protection. Their food and drink was mainly bread and water and said that "I spit on luxurious pleasures". On another occasion he said: "Absence of pain is in itself pleasure, indeed in his ultimate analysis the truest pleasure." It is therefore of great importance, and anything which, by encouraging competition, prejudices our chances of enjoying permanent and stable friendships, such as political life, should be avoided." So that’s the first odd point, and I think he doesn’t perhaps convince many people of that. Following the principles and methods of the Canon, Epicurus arrived at an atomism that, like that of the ancient naturalist Democritus, taught that the atoms, the void space in which they move, and the worlds are all infinite. Those things which without ceasing I have declared to you, those do, and exercise yourself in those, holding them to be the elements of right life.
His most important teacher was Pamphilus, a follower of Plato. It looks like some people were deliberately trying to source better copies than the ones that they had, because it was known there were textual variants and so on, and maybe they were trying to source older copies as antiquarians might search out first editions of things. A lot of them resonate today. There are a few Diogenes around and they get muddled up sometimes. “All that matters is that you’re not hungry, you’re not thirsty, you’re not cold”. What papyrologists have to do is work out precisely what can be read and then depending on how optimistic they are, they often suggest what went in the gaps, based on their understanding of the overall text. "Absence of pain is in itself pleasure, indeed in his ultimate analysis the truest pleasure."
Anyway, David Sider sets out all of these challenges and the interest of the texts. The last two books I’ve chosen are discursive critical engagements with Epicureanism, so ways of presenting the material but also getting to grips with it in the sense of trying to evaluate the arguments, trying to evaluate the cogency of the arguments and so on. Think of all those great things you missed. But they’re different they’re different views of human nature? (9) Death does not concern us, because as long as we exist, death is not here. But Lucretius’s book wasn’t censored or banned or suppressed in any way. He comes across as a really quite unusual person. "The soul’s texture is too delicate to exist independently of the body that contains it, and in any case the connection with the body is necessary for sensation to occur. Tim deliberately avoids the philological nitpicking that you might get elsewhere and takes you directly to the meat of things. And then the second one is—and this shows again how central this was to Epicurus’s view about getting things right—the maxim about death. For if he truly believes this, why does he not depart from life? So is the idea that the metaphysics is the foundation for the ethics, so that you understand the way the world is and that allows you then to live well? "The elimination of the fears and corresponding desires would leave people free to pursue the pleasures, both physical and mental, to which they are naturally drawn, and to enjoy the peace of mind that is consequent upon their regularly expected and achieved satisfaction.... Epicurus was aware that deeply ingrained habits of thought are not easily corrected, and thus he proposed various exercises to assist the novice." From him we’ve got all sorts of works on aesthetic theory, which is a gap that we otherwise wouldn’t know anything about from the other kinds of texts that have survived one way or another.
For I have been attacked by a painful inability to urinate, and also dysentery, so violent that nothing can be added to the violence of my sufferings.
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