[14] [4], Shahjahanabad (now Delhi) was constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1639. According to evidence cited by the economic historians Immanuel Wallerstein, Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were higher than in 17th-century Europe and early 20th-century British India. The perennial question of who was the greatest of the six "Great Mughals" receives varying answers in present-day Pakistan and India. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe. [8] [3]

By the end of Akbar's reign, the Mughal Empire extended throughout most of India north of the Godavari River.

India and South Asia History 1789 CE, as the British empire rises, Kalakriti Archives: Rare maps reveal how India's cartography evolved over centuries -- Quartz, Mughal dynasty | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica.com, Timeline Of The Mughal Dynasty - WorldAtlas.com.

They conquered territory both within India and overseas, with expeditions to Sri Lanka and even (according to their records) as far afield as South East Asia. India has entered a new chapter in its history with the expansion of the British empire in the subcontinent.

[3]

[14]



[13] Babur was the great-grandson of Timur Lenk (Timur the Lame, from which the Western name Tamerlane is derived), who had invaded India and plundered Delhi in 1398 and then led a short-lived empire based in Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan ) that united Persian-based Mongols (Babur's maternal ancestors) and other West Asian peoples.

[19]

While serving as Master's Mate aboard the Ann Royal in 1619, Baffin and Roe were able to collaborate in the preparation of a manuscript map of India, the original of which is now in the British Library. When Babur first founded the empire, he did not emphasize his religion, but rather his Mongol heritage. Note: Footnotes & Links provided to all original resources. [5]

[3]

[3] [14]

Through incessant warfare, he was able to annex all of northern and part of central India, but he adopted conciliatory policies toward his Hindu subjects and sought to enlist them in his armies and government service.

When Shah Jahan, Jehangir's son, became emperor in October 1627, the empire was large and wealthy enough to be considered one of the greatest empires in the world at that time. [8], The British empire now dominates most of India, marking the most radical change in the long history of the subcontinent. Overseas trade with both the Roman Empire and South East Asia means that commerce plays an important role, and a comparatively dense network of towns is appearing.

[3], Indian shipbuilding, particularly in Bengal, was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time, with Indians selling ships to European firms. [13]
The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. [3], In 1739, the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia, and Delhi was sacked and looted, drastically accelerating their decline. [3] Thesis2: Akbar was MOST active also becauseof his conquest and expansion.

[16] [3]

At this time, the trade with the west is in decline as the Roman Empire retreats from its former glory, but this is more than made up for by the growing trade with South East Asia, which expands in response to the growing economic demands of south China. [7]

The Sur Empire (1540-1555), founded by Sher Shah Suri (reigned 1540-1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry.

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