In 1908, Vogelstein and Rabbi Cäsar Seligmann also founded a congregational arm, the Union for Liberal Judaism in Germany (Vereinigung für das Liberale Judentum in Deutschland), finally institutionalizing the current that until then was active as a loose tendency. There are certain customs connected with the ark, one being the symbol of the doors or curtain being open or closed. The term "Reform" was first applied institutionally – not generically, as in "for reform" – to the Berlin Reformgemeinde (Reform Congregation), established in 1845. Many sought an affiliation in the early years of the Cold War, when lack of such raised suspicion of leftist or communist sympathies. Led by Isaac Harby and other associates, they formed their own prayer group, "The Reformed Society of Israelites". The Aron Hakodesh is where the Torah scroll is kept. An official rescheduling of Sabbath to Sunday was advocated by Kaufmann Kohler for some time, though he retracted it eventually. In "Classical" times, personal observance was reduced to little beyond nothing. will be slightly different in design depending on the location of the synagogue and when it was built.

Challenges of modern culture have made a steady belief difficult for some. Conversely, offspring of a Jewish mother only are not accepted if they do not demonstrate affinity to the faith. The next in size, by a wide margin, are the two British WUPJ-affiliates. These developments, and the need to bring uniformity to practical reforms implemented piecemeal in the various communities, motivated Geiger and his like-minded supporters into action.
It united all non-Reform currents in the country and would gradually develop into the locus of Conservative Judaism. Cohon valued Jewish particularism over universalist leanings, encouraging the reincorporation of traditional elements long discarded, not as part of a comprehensive legalistic framework but as means to rekindle ethnic cohesion. In 1930, the first Liberal congregation, Temple Beth Israel Melbourne, was founded in Australia. This is symbolic of the importance of the prayer being said. The ark is usually wooden and has the features of a cupboard, and will often have a curtain or door. It served as the cornerstone of Liberal Judaism in Britain. In the "New Reform", Bar Mitzvah largely replaced it as part of the re-traditionalization, but many young congregants in the United States still perform one, often at the Feast of Weeks. The movement spread rapidly: in 1860, when it began its ascent, there were few Reform synagogues and 200 Orthodox in the United States. It was grounded on a wholly theistic understanding, although the term "God-idea" was excoriated by outside critics. In 1907, the former Consistorial rabbi Louis-Germain Lévy, who shared a similar worldview, formed the Union Libérale Israélite de France, a small congregation that numbered barely a hundred families. The various regional branches sharing these beliefs, including the American Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), the Movement for Reform Judaism (MRJ) and Liberal Judaism in Britain, and the Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism, are all united within the international World Union for Progressive Judaism. Wise was distinct from the others, arriving early in 1846 and lacking much formal education. "[28] In Israel, the Religious Action Center is very active in the judicial field, often resorting to litigation both in cases concerning civil rights in general and the official status of Reform within the state, in particular.[29].

[66], Cohon and Freehof rose against the background of the Great Depression, when many congregations teetered on the threshold of collapse.

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